Alloys and Properties
General Properties
- 90/10 and 70/30 Alloys Technical Data, Publication TN 31, , CDA UK.
- Aluminum Bronzes - Part I, Innovations, , The aluminum bronzes offer a combination of mechanical and chemical properties unmatched by other alloy series. They have excellent corrosion resistance, especially in seawater and similar environments, where the alloys often outperform many stainless steels. They also have strength similar to low alloy steels. This paper reviews the applications, effects of alloying elements, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, freedom from oxide flaking and resistance to cavitation erosion.
- Aluminum Bronzes - Part II, Innovations, , This paper covers cast and wrought aluminum bronze, fabrication and welding, machining, and references.
- Beryllium Copper Metallurgy, Copper beryllium alloys are used for their high strength and good electrical and thermal conductivities. There are two groups of copper beryllium alloys, high strength alloys and high conductivity alloys.
- C95800 Data Sheet (Aluminum Bronzes), This data sheet contains chemical composition, mechanical properties, physical properties, casting characteristics fabrication properties, thermal properties, typical uses and specifications. It explains why aluminum bronze is used for marine hardware, covers for marine hardware, ship building, and valves in contact with sea water.
- Copper Alloys for Marine Environments, Carol Powell and Peter Webster, Publication 206, Second Revision, , CDA UK.
- Copper and Copper Alloys, Compositions Applications and Properties, Publication No 120, , CDA UK.
- Copper Nickel Alloys, Properties and Applications, TN 30, , Joint Publication of the Copper Development Association (UK) and the Nickel Development Institute, Joint Publication of the Copper Development Association (UK) and the Nickel Development Institute.
- Copper-Nickel Alloys: Properties, Processing, Application, Booklet, German Copper Institute (DKI), English translation.
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Copper-Nickels for Marine Environments Webcast,
This presentation covers historic uses, applications, equilibria diagrams, chemical compositions, mechanical and physical properties, fabrication, corrosion and biofouling resistance and guidelines for successful application of copper-nickels in seawater systems. It is approved for Continuing Professional Development by the UK’s Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining. - Corrosion Product Film Formed on 90/10 Copper-Nickel Tube in Natural Sea Water. Composition/ Structure and Formation Mechanism, Ma et al., Corrosion Science, Vol. 91, pp 245-261, , DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2014.11.028.
- Cryogenic Properties.
- Fatigue of Thin-Walled Tubes in Copper Alloy CuNi10, Ships and Offshore Structures, Søren Heide Lambertsen, Lars Damkilde & Michael S. Jepsen, Ships and Offshore Structures, Vol. 11, 1, pp 1-6, , DOI: 10.1080/17445302.2014.992609.
- Introduction to Brasses (Part I), An overview of the large and industrially important family of alloys based on copper and zinc. The article is especially recommended to designers, engineers and others who specify materials for manufactured products. A brief history of brasses is included for those interested in learning about these interesting alloys. Links are provided to sources on The Copper Page and other websites where more detailed information can be obtained.
- Introduction to Brasses (Part II), This section provides explanations about duplex, free cutting and high strength brasses as well as alloying agents and European designations.
- Low Temperature Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys, Application Data Sheet 104/5, CDA.
- Mechanical Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys at Low Temperatures, Application Data Sheet 144/8 R, CDA.
- Product Forms.
- Properties.
- Properties and Uses of Copper Alloys.
- Standards.
- Standards and Properties, CDA.
- Standards and Specifications.
Biofouling
- 90-10 Copper-Nickel for Resistance to Corrosion and Marine Biofouling, Publication No 118, , CDA UK.
- An Assessment of the Biofouling Resistance and Copper Release Rate of 90-10 Copper-Nickel Alloy, Michel, J., H. Michels, H., and Powell, C., Paper 11352, , Corrosion 2011, Houston, NACE.
- Aspects Of Biofouling And Corrosion On Ship Hulls Clad With Copper-Nickel, L.Boulton, C.A. Powell, WB Hudson, , Corrosion and Prevention-99, Sydney.
- Avonclad-a Flexible Neoprene/Copper-Nickel Material for Long Term Antifouling; A Review of Manufacturing, Tests and Recent Installations, Brockbank, J. W., pp 101-103, , London, Paper from Marine Engineering With Copper-Nickel, Institue of Metals Conference Proceedings.
- Biofouling and Corrosion Testing at AMTE, Langstone Harbour, Jackson, K. T., , IMI Yorkshire Alloys Ltd., Unpublished report.
- Biofouling Resistance of Cupronickel: Basics and Experience, W. Schleich and K. Steinkamp, , Stainless Steel World 2003 Conference, Maastricht.
- Copper and Copper Alloys in Offshore Renewable Energy, CDA UK, Discusses copper nickels in splash zone sheathing, corrosion resistance, biofouling resistance, exposure panel tests, and insulated foil panel tests.
- Copper Nickel Iron Alloys Resistant to Sea Water Corrosion, Bailey, G. L., Journal of the Institute of Metals, Vol. 79, pp 243-292, .
- Copper-Nickel Alloys for Seawater Corrosion Resistance and Antifouling - A State of the Art Review, C.A. Powell and H.T. Michels, , Corrosion 2000, NACE International.
- Copper-Nickel Alloys Resistance to Corrosion and Biofouling, Powell, C. A. and Michels, H. T., Seminar Technical Report, 7044-1919, , Corrosion 2000, NACE, Original title: The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems.
- Copper-Nickel Composite for Long Term Antifouling; A Review of Recent Applications, K. Miller, , London, Institute of Metals, Proceedings of Marine Engineering with Copper-Nickel.
- Copper-Nickel Hulled Boats Around The World, From New York To Genoa, Are Free Of Fouling, , From Copper Topics, CDA Inc.
-
Copper-Nickels for Marine Environments Webcast,
This presentation covers historic uses, applications, equilibria diagrams, chemical compositions, mechanical and physical properties, fabrication, corrosion and biofouling resistance and guidelines for successful application of copper-nickels in seawater systems. It is approved for Continuing Professional Development by the UK’s Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.
- Corrosion and Biofouling Protection of Ship Hulls Using Copper-Nickel, Powell, C. A, , International Conference on Marine Corrosion Prevention: A Re-Appraisal for the Next Decade, London.
- Corrosion and Biofouling Resistance Evaluation of 90-10 Copper-Nickel, Powell, C.A., , UK Corrosion and Eurocorr '94, Bournemouth, UK.
- Corrosion and Marine Fouling Characteristics of Copper Nickel -Alloys, Kirk, W. W., T. S. Lee, and R. O. Lewis, Paper 16, , CDA Conference Copper in Marine Environments.
- Efficiency of Copper and Cupronickel Substratum to Resist Development of Diatom Biofilms, Jagadish et al., Int Biodeteriation and Degradation, Vol. 105, pp 203-214, , DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.08.020.
- Factors Affecting the Corrosion and Fouling of Metal Condenser Tubes of Copper Alloys and Titanium, Sumitomo Light Metal Technical Reports, Vol. 19, Nos. 3 and 4, .
- Jet Impingement Tests, Gilbert and LaQue, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 101, No. 9, .
- Long-Term Exposure Trials Evaluating the Biofouling Resistance of Copper Nickel Alloy Sheathing Materials, Campbell S., Fletcher, R. and Powell, C., , The 12th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, Southampton, UK.
- Preventing Biofouling with Copper Nickel, CDA Publication, 157.
- Review of Splash Zone Corrosion and Biofouling of C70600 Sheathed Steel During 20 Years Exposure, Powell, C. and Michels, H., Eurocorr 2006, Maastricht.
- Sea water Corrosion Resistance of 70-10 and 70-30 Copper nickel-14 year Exposures, Efird, K. D. and D. B. Anderson, Materials Performance, Vol. 14, 11, pp 37-40, .
- Selecting Materials for Sea Water Systems. Institute of Marine Engineers, Todd and Lovett.
- The Immobilization of Copper by Marine Fouling Organisms, Jones E.D.B., Blunn, G., Fletcher, R., INCRA report 332, .
- The Interrelation of Corrosion and Fouling of Metals in Seawater, Efird, K. D., Materials Performance, Vol. 15, 4, pp 16-25, .
- Thermal-Sprayed Copper-Nickel Coatings on Steel, Perkins, R. A. and D. L. Marsh, , Final Report on INCRA Project 376.
Corrosion - General
- 90-10 Copper-Nickel for Resistance to Corrosion and Marine Biofouling, Publication No 118, , CDA UK.
- Aluminum Bronze for When the Going Gets Tough, Discover Copper, , Aluminum bronze alloys are well represented in the construction of new, state-of-the-art power plants. In power plants at or near the seacoast or where the cooling water is brackish, the big water pumps and condenser tube sheets can be made of corrosion-resistant aluminum bronze. Aluminum bronzes repel zebra mussels that clog water intakes to power plants and municipal water systems. The alloy is used for boat and ship propellers and was chosen by the U.S. Navy for submarine torpedo ejection systems.
- An Assessment of the Biofouling Resistance and Copper Release Rate of 90-10 Copper-Nickel Alloy, Michel, J., H. Michels, H., and Powell, C., Paper 11352, , Corrosion 2011, Houston, NACE.
- Application of Copper Nickel UNS C70600 for Seawater Service, Wilhelm Schleich, Paper No 5222, , CORROSION/2005, Houston, NACE International.
- Behaviour of 90-10 cupronickel in sea water, Parvizi, M. S., Aladjem, A., & Castle, J. E., International Materials Reviews, Vol. 33, 4, pp 169-200, .
- Bi-Modal Trends in the Long-Term Corrosion of Copper and High Copper Alloys, Melchers, Corrosion Science, Vol. 95, pp 51-61, , DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2015.02.001.
- Copper Alloys in Seawater: Avoidance of Corrosion, Roger Francis, Publication 225, pp 20, , CDA UK.
- Copper and Copper Alloys in Offshore Renewable Energy, CDA UK, Discusses copper nickels in splash zone sheathing, corrosion resistance, biofouling resistance, exposure panel tests, and insulated foil panel tests.
- Copper-Nickel Alloys for Seawater Corrosion Resistance and Antifouling - A State of the Art Review, C.A. Powell and H.T. Michels, , Corrosion 2000, NACE International.
- Copper-Nickel Alloys Resistance to Corrosion and Biofouling, Powell, C. A. and Michels, H. T., Seminar Technical Report, 7044-1919, , Corrosion 2000, NACE, Original title: The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems.
-
Copper-Nickels for Marine Environments Webcast,
This presentation covers historic uses, applications, equilibria diagrams, chemical compositions, mechanical and physical properties, fabrication, corrosion and biofouling resistance and guidelines for successful application of copper-nickels in seawater systems. It is approved for Continuing Professional Development by the UK’s Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.
- Corrosion and Marine Fouling Characteristics of Copper Nickel -Alloys, Kirk, W. W., T. S. Lee, and R. O. Lewis, Paper 16, , CDA Conference Copper in Marine Environments.
- Corrosion Behaviour of Copper Alloys in Natural Seawater and Polluted Seawater, H. Le Guyader, A.M.Grolleau and V.Debout, Paper 1264, Eurocorr 2007, Freiburg.
- Corrosion Resisting Properties of 90/10 Copper-Nickel-Iron Alloys with Particular Reference to Offshore Oil and Gas Applications, Gilbert, P. T., British Corrosion Journal, Vol. 14, 1, pp 20-25, , Institute of Materials.
- Galvanic Corrosion: A Practical Guide for Engineers, Francis, R., , NACE International, ISBN: 1575901102.
- Guidelines for the Use of Copper Alloys in Seawater, Tuthill, Arthur H., Materials Performance, Vol. 26, 9, pp 12-22, , CDA Inc Publication 788/8 and Nickel Institute Publication12003.
- High Strength Copper-Nickels, Tuck, C.D.S., , UK, Langley Alloys.
- Introduction to Brasses (Part II), This section provides explanations about duplex, free cutting and high strength brasses as well as alloying agents and European designations.
- Protection of Seawater System Pipework and Heat Exchanger Tubes in HM Surface Ships and Submarines in Sea Water Systems, Standard 02-781 Issue 2, , UK Ministry of Defence, Not available online but inquiries can be sent to the DStan Helpdesk at enquiries@dstan.mod.uk.
- Temperature Effect on Sea Water Immersion Corrosion of 90:10 Copper Nickel Alloy, R.E Melchers, Corrosion, Vol. 57, 5, pp 440-451, , NACE International.
- The Behaviour of CuNi 90/10 vs 6Mo Superaustenitic and Superduplex Steels in Marine Environments, Jasner, M., Hecht, M., and Beckmann, W., , Osnabruck, KME Europa Metal Aktiengesellschaft.
- The Effect of Sea Water Composition on Corrosion of Cu-Ni-Fe Alloys at Elevated Temperatures, Ross, R. W., Material Performance, Vol. 18, 7, pp 15-22, , Corrosion 77, San Francisco, NACE, Paper No. 94.
- The Interrelation of Corrosion and Fouling of Metals in Seawater, Efird, K. D., Materials Performance, Vol. 15, 4, pp 16-25, .
- Ways Towards an Accelerated Formation of Protective Layers on CuNi 90/10 in Artificial Seawater, Friedrich, S. and Langer, M., Paper 1089, , Freiburg.
Corrosion - Ammonia
- Copper Alloys in Seawater: Avoidance of Corrosion, Roger Francis, Publication 225, pp 20, , CDA UK.
- Materials Research Standard, D.H Thomson, Vol. 1, pp 108, .
- Review of BNF Studies of the Effect of Chlorine and Pollutants on the Corrosion of Copper Alloy Condenser Tubes, Francis, R. and Campbell, H., EFC Marine Corrosion Workshop, Eurocorr 2008.
- The Influence of Corrosion and Fouling on Steam Condenser Performance, Michels, H. T., W. W. Kirk, and A. H. Tuthill, Conference Papers & Proceedings, pp 50, , Presented at the 16th Power Conference, WRIGHTSVILLE BEACH, NORTH CAROLINA;, Materials for Energy Systems. ASM. Vol.1.
- The Resistance of Copper -- Nickel Alloys to Ammonia Corrosion in Simulated Steam Condenser Environments, Caruso,L; Michels, H.T., Materials Performance, Vol. 20, 1, pp 35-39, , NACE International, Proceedings of the American Power Conference.
Corrosion - Chlorination
- Copper-Nickel Alloys Resistance to Corrosion and Biofouling, Powell, C. A. and Michels, H. T., Seminar Technical Report, 7044-1919, , Corrosion 2000, NACE, Original title: The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems.
- Corrosion Properties of Copper Nickel Alloys in Chlorinated Sea Water, Debout, V., Grolleau, A., Le Guyader, H., Pautasso, J-P, and Blanc, J., Eurocorr 2011, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Effect of Seawater Chlorination on the Erosion Corrosion Behaviour of Copper-Nickel Alloy CuNi90/10, Schleich, W., Feser, R., Schmitt, G., Schnier, K., Gommilich, T., and Gunter, S., Paper 08231, Corrosion 2008, New Orleans, NACE.
- Electrochemical Behaviour of Copper-Nickel Alloy CuNi 90/10 in Chlorinated Seawater Under Stagnating Conditions, Schleich, W., Feser, R. and Siedlarek, W., Paper 7261, Corrosion 2007, NACE.
- New Investigations on Critical Wall Shear Stresses of CuNi Alloys in Natural and Artificial Seawater, Kapsalis, C., Schmitt, G., Feser, R., Sagebiel, B., Wilmes, S., Macziek, M., Eurocorr 2011, Stockholm, Sweden.
Corrosion - Localised
- Hot Spot Corrosion in Condenser Tubes: Its Causes and Prevention, Francis, R., British Corrosion Journal, Vol. 22, 3, pp 199-201, , Institute of Materials.
Corrosion - Sand
- A New Copper-Nickel Alloy for Utility Condenser Tubes, Carl J. Gaffoglio, pp 60-62, , CDA, Reprinted from Power Engineering.
- Copper Nickel Condenser and Heat Exchanger Systems, Kirk, W. and Tuthill, A, Technical Report 7044-1919, , CDA Inc Seminar The Application of Copper-Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems.
Corrosion - Sulfides
- Copper Alloys in Seawater: Avoidance of Corrosion, Roger Francis, Publication 225, pp 20, , CDA UK.
- Corrosion Behaviour of Copper Alloys in Natural Seawater and Polluted Seawater, H. Le Guyader, A.M.Grolleau and V.Debout, Paper 1264, Eurocorr 2007, Freiburg.
- Effect of Sulfide on the Corrosion and Protection of Seawater Cooled Condenser Alloys, Gehring, G. A., R. L. Foster, and B. C. Syrett, NACE Papers, 76, , CORROSION/83.
- Inhibition of Sulfide-Induced Corrosion of Copper-Nickel Alloys with Ferrous Sulfate, Hack, H. P. and J. P. Gudas, , Paper 23 Presented at the International Corrosion Forum Devoted Exclusively to the Protection and Performance of Materials, Houston, Texas. Sponsored by NACE.
- Sulfide Induced Corrosion of Copper-Nickel Alloys, Gudas, J. P. and H. P. Hack, CORROSION, Vol. 35, 2, pp 67-73, .
- Living with the Threat of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Submarine Sea Water Systems: The Royal Navy Perspective, Lt G.J.E. Nicklin RN, , MOD 9th International Naval Engineering Conference and Exhibition (INEC 2008), Hamburg, British Crown Copyright 2008.
- Parametric Evaluation of Susceptibility of Cu-Ni Alloy to Sulphide Induced Corrosion in Sea Water, Gudas, J. P. and H. P. Hack, NACE Papers, 22, , Houston, Texas, Presentated at the International Corrosion Forum Devoted Exclusively to the Protection and Performance of Materials.
- Protection of Seawater System Pipework and Heat Exchanger Tubes in HM Surface Ships and Submarines in Sea Water Systems, Standard 02-781 Issue 2, , UK Ministry of Defence, Not available online but inquiries can be sent to the DStan Helpdesk at enquiries@dstan.mod.uk.
- Sulfide Attack in Steam Surface Condensers, Syrett, B. C., pp 3-14, , Blacksburg, Virginia, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Proceedings of Second Int. Conf. On Environmental Degradation of Engineering Materials in an Aggressive Environment.
- The Effect of Ferrous Sulphate on Sulfide Induced Corrosion of Copper Base Condenser Alloys in Aerated Seawater, Hack, H. P. and T. S. Lee, , Second Symposium on Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers, ASM International.
Corrosion - Velocity Effects
- Copper Alloys in Seawater: Avoidance of Corrosion, Roger Francis, Publication 225, pp 20, , CDA UK.
- CuNi 9/10 Piping, The Optimum Material for Sea Water Service, Beckmann, W., Hecht, M., Jasner, M., & Steinkamp, K., , KM Europa Metal Aktiengesellschaft.
- Effect of Fluid Dynamics on the Corrosion of Copper Base Alloys, Efird, K. D., Corrosion, Vol. 33, 1, pp 3-8, .
- Effect of Sea Water Chlorination on the Erosion Corrosion Behaviour of 90/10CuNi, Schleich; W., Paper 1182, Eurocorr 2007.
- Effect of Seawater Chlorination on the Erosion Corrosion Behaviour of Copper-Nickel Alloy CuNi90/10, Schleich, W., Feser, R., Schmitt, G., Schnier, K., Gommilich, T., and Gunter, S., Paper 08231, Corrosion 2008, New Orleans, NACE.
- Evaluation of Critical Seawater Hydrodynamic Effects of Erosion-Corrosion of CuNi, Kirk, W. W., , ICA, Contractor Report Technology for the Copper Industry: Final Report INCRA Project No. 396.
- New Investigations on Critical Wall Shear Stresses of CuNi Alloys in Natural and Artificial Seawater, Kapsalis, C., Schmitt, G., Feser, R., Sagebiel, B., Wilmes, S., Macziek, M., Eurocorr 2011, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Salt Water Piping Systems in Ships, British Standard BS MA 18, , ISBN: 0580078337.
Fabrication
- Brazed Copper-Nickel Piping Systems, Application Data Sheet, 701/5, CDA.
- Copper-nickel Welding and Fabrication, Published by CDA Inc as A7020-99/13, Nickel Institute as 12014 Second Edition and CDA UK as Publication 139 Second Edition.
- Fabrication.
- Fabrication of Copper-Nickel Pipework, Jasner, M., KM Europa Metal Aktiengesellschaft.
- High Strength Copper-Nickels, Tuck, C.D.S., , UK, Langley Alloys.
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How-To Welding Videos,
A series of 5 instructional welding videos encompasses cleaning and preparation for welding, TIG welding, pipe welding, shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and pulsed MIG welding
. - Joining Copper-Nickel Alloys, Avery, Richard E., Consultant to Nickel Development Institute, Seminar Technical Report, 7044-1919, , CDA.
- Machining Brass, Copper and its Alloys; CDA Publication TN 44, Publication TN44, , CDA UK.
- Recommended Machining Parameters for Copper and Copper Alloys, Monograph i.18, DKI.
- Soldering and Brazing of Copper and Copper Alloys, Publication No. i3, DKI.
- Welding Copper-Nickel Clad Steel, Application Data Sheet, CDA.
High Strength Copper-Nickel Alloys
- An improved performance super high strength copper nickel alloy for use in offshore oil and gas and other marine environments, Tuck, C. D. S., N. Hort, and B. L. Mordike, , Corrosion 99, San Antonio, TX, NACE.
- High Strength Copper Nickel – Optimisation of Mechanical Strength and Marine Corrosion Resistance for Use in Naval Architecture and Offshore Oil & Gas, C D S Tuck, K C Bendall, G W J Radford, S A Campbell and R J Grylls, Paper No. 78, Corrosion /96, Houston, NACE.
- High Strength Copper-Nickels, Tuck, C.D.S., , UK, Langley Alloys.
- High Strength Cupronickel for Marine Service, C A Clark and P Guha, Br. Corros. J., Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, Vol. 36, 8, pp 4-6,12, .
- Hydrogen embrittlement resistance of ultrahigh strength cupronickel alloy: Effects of exposure to gaseous hydrogen environment on fatigue resistance, Tuck, C. D. S., Zeng Xianghua, and D. E. J. Talbot, British Corrosion Journal, Vol. 29, 1, pp 70-74, , Institute of Materials.
- Hydrogen Ingress Into Copper-Nickel Alloys, B G Pound, Corrosion (USA), Vol. 50, 4, pp 301-307, , NACE.
- Observation of a high-strength cupronickel alloy using electron microscopy, Grylls, R. J., Tuck, C. D. S., & Loretto, M. H., Institute of Physics Conference Series, No. 147, Section 11, pp 459-462, .
- Performance Advances in Copper-Nickel-Tin Spinodal Alloys, W. Raymond Cribb, Michael J. Gedeon, and Fritz C. Grensing, Advanced Materials and Processes, Vol. 171, 9, , ASM.
- Testing of the effects of hydrogen on various high strength alloys for subsea application, Bardal, E., Eggen, T. G., & Skar, J. I., pp 6, , Associazione Italiana diMetallurgia.
- The Development of Very High Strength Copper Alloys with Resistance to Hydrogen Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking, C.D.S. Tuck, , Corrosion/2005 Annual Conference and Exhibition, Houston, ©NACE.
Applications
Aquaculture
- Alloys in Aquaculture, Wikipedia.
- C95800 Data Sheet (Aluminum Bronzes), This data sheet contains chemical composition, mechanical properties, physical properties, casting characteristics fabrication properties, thermal properties, typical uses and specifications. It explains why aluminum bronze is used for marine hardware, covers for marine hardware, ship building, and valves in contact with sea water.
- CDA UK Webcast: Innovation in Aquaculture Cages using Copper based Alloys, Hal Stillman and Carol Powell, .
- Copper Nickel Alloys for use in Marine Aquaculture.
- Copper in AquaCulture, International Copper Association/Copper Alliance™, Visit this website for information about copper aquaculture pen site locations, case studies, species of fish being raised, as well as the benefits, challenges, research, and media releases.
- Corrosion Behaviour of Copper Alloys used in Marine Aquaculture, Stillman, H., and Powell, C., , ICA.
- Design Guide: Copper Alloy Mesh in Marine Aquaculture, , INCRA Publication.
Boat Hulls
- Asperida-Smooth Sailing, Nickel Magazine, Vol. 20, 2, pp 16, .
- Behavior of CuNi10FelMn-Clad Ship Plates in Seawater, Drodten, P. and H. Pircher, Werkstoffe und Korrosion, Vol. 41, 2, pp 59-64, .
- Biofouling Resistance of Cupronickel: Basics and Experience, W. Schleich and K. Steinkamp, , Stainless Steel World 2003 Conference, Maastricht.
- Boat Hulls, Additional References.
- C95800 Data Sheet (Aluminum Bronzes), This data sheet contains chemical composition, mechanical properties, physical properties, casting characteristics fabrication properties, thermal properties, typical uses and specifications. It explains why aluminum bronze is used for marine hardware, covers for marine hardware, ship building, and valves in contact with sea water.
- CA 706 Copper Nickel Alloy Hulls: The Copper Mariners Experience and Economics, Manzolillo, J. L., E. W. Thiele, and A. H. Tuthill, Trans. Soc. Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Journal, pp 22, .
- Controlling Biofouling on Ferry Hulls with Copper Nickel, Boulton, L. H., C. A. Powell, and W. B. Hudson, Additional Papers, pp 73-87, , 10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, University of Melbourne, DSTO General Document DSTO-GD-0287. Defence Science & Technology Organisation, Australia.
- Copper-Nickel Alloys for the Construction of Ship and Boat Hulls, Glover, T. J., British Corrosion Journal, Vol. 17, 4, pp 155-158, .
- Copper-Nickel Alloys Used in Shipbuilding and Repair.
- Copper-Nickel Boat Hulls: Performance and Corrosion, Carol Powell, Consultant to the Copper Development Association, .
- Copper-Nickel Hulled Boats Around The World, From New York To Genoa, Are Free Of Fouling, , From Copper Topics, CDA Inc.
- Copper-Nickel Sheathing Costing Study-Phase 3, , US Department of Transport, MA-RD Report- 770- 87026.
- Copper-Nickel Sheathing Study-Phase II. Two Year Service Performance of Test Panels on Arco Texas, Thiele, E. W., , US Dept. of Transportation Maritime Administration, Contract MA-81-SAC-10074.
- Cu-Ni Sheathing and its Use for Ship Hulls and Offshore Structures, Powell, C. A., Int. Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, pp 321-331, .
- FPSO Vessels.
- Hull Experiments on 24-Knot RO/RO Vessels Directed Toward Fuel-Saving Applications of Copper-Nickel, Schorsch, E., R. T. BIicicchi, and Fu, J. W., , Annual Meeting, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Enginners.
- Metal Boats, Roberts-Goodson, Bruce, , Capall Bann Publishing, (UK) and Heron House( USA and Canada), ISBN: 186163 031X.
- The Asperida, A Copper-Nickel Sailboat After More than Thirty Years in Seawater, Harold T. Michels and Kenneth P. Geremia, Paper Number 05238, , Corrosion/2005 Annual Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, NACE.
- Use of Copper-Nickel Cladding on Ship and Boat Hulls, H. Pircher and B Ruhland and G. Sussek, CDA, UK, publication TN 36 and German DKI Publication No. s.176, .
Brake Tubing
- Automotive Hydraulic Break Tubing: The Case for 90-10 Copper-Nickel Tubing, Publication 8023-0009, CDA Inc..
- Copper-Nickel Automotive Vehicle Brake Tubing, Publication A 8001-00/90, CDA Inc..
Coinage
Condensers and Heat Exchangers
- 25 years Experience with Seawater Cooled Heat Exchange Equipment in the Shell Fleets, Shone, E. B. and G. C. Grim, , UK, Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology.
- Alloy 400 for use in High Pressure Feedwater Heaters, Rahoi, Dennis W., NiDI Publication 14021, , Nickel Development Institute.
- Aluminum Bronze for When the Going Gets Tough, Discover Copper, , Aluminum bronze alloys are well represented in the construction of new, state-of-the-art power plants. In power plants at or near the seacoast or where the cooling water is brackish, the big water pumps and condenser tube sheets can be made of corrosion-resistant aluminum bronze. Aluminum bronzes repel zebra mussels that clog water intakes to power plants and municipal water systems. The alloy is used for boat and ship propellers and was chosen by the U.S. Navy for submarine torpedo ejection systems.
- Care and Maintenance of Copper Alloy Tubed Condensers - Construction through Early Life, Sartor, W. E., , CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar;, New York City, New York.
- Copper Alloy Surface Condenser Tube Application and Service Considerations, Hibbard, D. S., , CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar.
- Copper Alloys for Seawater Intake Piping Can Lower Power Plant Operating Cost, Thiele, E. W., , CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar, New York City, NY, CDA.
- Copper Alloys in Seawater: Avoidance of Corrosion, Roger Francis, Publication 225, pp 20, , CDA UK.
- Copper-Nickel Alloys for Feedwater Heater Service, NiDI Publication 375, Nickel Institute, Reprinted from Corrosion, Volume 20, No. 3, 80t-88t [1964] March.
- Corrosion Control Issues for Marine Vessel Copper-Nickel Boxcoolers, John et al, Paper 3818, Corrosion 2014, NACE International.
- Effect of Condenser Design on Tube Performance, Caruso, L., , CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar, New York City, NY, CDA.
- Effects of the Condensate Side Environment on Copper Alloy Condenser Tube, Vol. Anderson, G. A., , CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar, New York City, NY, CDA.
- Evaluation of a Phosphoric Acid Based Descaling Solvent for Shipboard Cleaning of Seawater Heat Exchangers, Wolejsza, T. M., E. J. Lemieux, and K. E. Lucas, , Corrosion/2003, San Diego, CA, NACE International.
- Factors Affecting Corrosion and Fouling of Condenser Tubes of Copper Alloys and Titanium, Sato, S. and K. Nagata, Sumitomo Light Metal Technical Reports, Vol. 19, 3, pp 1-12, .
- Fine Wall (22BWG) 90-10 and 70-30 Cu-Ni Condenser Tube Use at the Hennepin Energy Resource Company Power Plant, Helliwell, W.E. and Anderson, G.A., , PWR-Vol 30 Joint Power Generation Conference Vol. 2, ASME.
- Heat Exchangers and Piping Systems from Copper Alloys - Commissioning, Operating and Shutdown, M. Jasner, M. Hecht and W. Beckman, , KME.
- Light Wall Copper Nickel Condenser Tube, , CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar, New York City, NY, CDA.
- Literature Review on the Effects on Aquatic Environments of Copper in Cooling Water from Copper Alloy Condensers, International Copper Association.
- Passivity Breakdown and Repassivation of 70/30 CuNi in Descaling Agents for Cleaning of Seawater Heat Exchangers, Lemieux, E., Wolejsza, T. M., & Grolleau, A. M., , Corrosion/2002, Denver, CO, NACE International.
- Pre-Treatment of Condenser Tubing for Enhanced Corrosion Resistance, Lee, T. S., , INCRA Project 284 Final Report.
- Protection of Seawater System Pipework and Heat Exchanger Tubes in HM Surface Ships and Submarines in Sea Water Systems, Standard 02-781 Issue 2, , UK Ministry of Defence, Not available online but inquiries can be sent to the DStan Helpdesk at enquiries@dstan.mod.uk.
- Role of Iron in the Inhibition of Corrosion of Marine Heat Exchangers A Review, Pearson, C., British Corrosion Journal, Vol. 7, 2, pp 61-68, .
- Sulfide Attack in Steam Surface Condensers, Syrett, B. C., pp 3-14, , Blacksburg, Virginia, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Proceedings of Second Int. Conf. On Environmental Degradation of Engineering Materials in an Aggressive Environment.
- Copper Nickel Condenser and Heat Exchanger Systems, Kirk, W. and Tuthill, A, Technical Report 7044-1919, , CDA Inc Seminar The Application of Copper-Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems.
- The Effect of Decaying Marine Organisms on the Corrosion of Copper Nickel Alloys in Sea Water, Lenard, D. R., , Corrosion/2002, Denver, CO, NACE International.
- The Role of Corrosion and Fouling in Steam Condensers, Anderson, D. B., , CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar, New York City, NY, CDA.
- The Use of Cathodic Portection for Copper Alloys in Seawater Cooling Systems, Berthagen, Leif, Eurocorr 2001, EFC Working Party meeting. Marine Corrosion.
- Tube Ordering Information: Specification and Mill Quality Control, , CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar, New York City, NY, CDA.
- Tube/Tubesheet Joining, Gaffoglio, C. J., , CDA Heat Exchanger Seminar, New York City, New York.
- Wolverine Engineering Data Book II, Dr. K. J. Bell and Dr. A. C. Mueller, Germany, Wieland-Werke AG.
- Wolverine Engineering Data Book III, Professor John R. Thome, Germany, Wieland-Werke AG.
- Wolverine Engineering Data Books, Wolverine Tube, Inc..
Desalination
- A Review of Materials and Corrosion in Desalination-Key Factors for Plant Reliability, Oldfield, J. W., & Todd, B., , IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Sciences, Abu Dhabi, UAECF, International Desalination Association.
- Copper Alloys in the Desalting Environment, Cohen, A., & George, P. F., Mater. Prot. Perform., Vol. 13, 1, pp 14-17, .
- Cu-Ni Alloys in Desalination Systems, B. Todd, Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919, CDA Inc., The Application of Cu-Ni Alloys in Marine Systems.
- Environmental Aspects of Corrosion in MSF and RO Desalination Plants, Oldfield, J. W., & Todd, B., Desalination, Vol. 108, 1-3, pp 27-36, , Second Annual Meeting of the European Desalination Society on Desalination and the Environment, Genoa, Italy.
- Experience with Copper Alloy Tubing, Waterboxes and Piping in MSF Desalination Plants, Tuthill, B. Todd, J. Oldfield, Vol. III, Paper No 73, pp 251, , IDA World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse, Madrid, International Desalination Association (IDA); Cencro de Estudios y Expertmerocion de Obras Pubiicas (CEDEX); Ministerio de Medio Ambiente; Ministerio de Formento; Madrid, Spain.
- Survey of Materials in Large Desalting Plants Around the World, Newton, E. H., Birkett, J. D., & KETTERINGHAM, J. M., , Cambridge, MA, A.D.Little and Co..
- Survey of Service Behaviour for Large Evaporative Desalting Plants, Birkett, J. D. and E. H. Newton, , Cambridge, MA, A.D.Little and Co..
- System Component Section.
Offshore Sheathing
- Alloys of Copper and Nickel for Splash Zone Sheathing of Marine Structures, Michels, Harold T. & Powell, Carol A., , Copper Development Association Inc..
- Bio-shield: Update on a successful anti-fouling system for offshore platforms, Engel, R. F., & Ray, J. P., , London, paper from marine engineering with copper-nickel, institute of metals conference proceedings.
- Cathodic current demand of 90/10 copper nickel, , Korrosionscentralen ATV, INCRA Project No. 371. 5th quarterly report.
- Copper alloys for marine construction, Peters, D. T., & Powell, C. A., , International Workshop on Advanced Materials for Marine Construction, New Orleans, LA, Colorado School of Mines, Publications Department, Golden, CO.
- Copper and Copper Alloys in Offshore Renewable Energy, CDA UK, Discusses copper nickels in splash zone sheathing, corrosion resistance, biofouling resistance, exposure panel tests, and insulated foil panel tests.
- Copper Nickel Alloys Used in Shipbuilding and Repair.
- Copper Nickel Cladding for Offshore Structures, , CDA UK Publication 37 and German DKI publication No. s 202.
- Copper-Nickel Composite for Long Term Antifouling; A Review of Recent Applications, K. Miller, , London, Institute of Metals, Proceedings of Marine Engineering with Copper-Nickel.
- Copper-Nickel Sheathing and Inserts on Boat Landing Systems to Avoid Marine Growth: Safer Landings - a low cost solution, KME Mtl. Group Ltd..
- Corrosion and Biofouling Resistance of Copper-Nickel in Offshore and Other Marine Applications, Powell, C. A., Vol. 2, pp 188-200, , UK Corrosion and Eurocorr 94, Bournemouth, UK.
- Cu-Ni Sheathing and its Use for Ship Hulls and Offshore Structures, Powell, C. A., Int. Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, pp 321-331, .
- Cu-Ni Sheathing of Offshore Platform Legs and Risers, Powell, Carol; Consultant to CDA, .
- Evaluation of Copper-Nickel as a Sheathing Material for Hot Riser Protection on Offshore Platforms, Powell, C., Schleich, W., Souza, VAD., Paper 1335, Eurocorr 2007.
- Fabrication of Copper-Nickel Alloys for Offshore Applications, Jordan, D. E. and Powell, C. A., , International Conference on Welding in Maritime Engineering, Croatian, Croatian Welding Society.
- Galvanic Corrosion of Copper--Nickel Sheathed Steel Piling, Ellor, J. A. and G. A. Gehring J. , Materials Performance, Vol. 27, 5, pp 45-48, .
- Long-Term Exposure Trials Evaluating the Biofouling Resistance of Copper Nickel Alloy Sheathing Materials, Campbell S., Fletcher, R. and Powell, C., , The 12th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, Southampton, UK.
- Metallic Coatings for Corrosion Control of Marine Structures, Peters, D. T., Michels, H.T. and Powell, C.A., pp 9-11, , International Workshop on Corrosion Control for Marine Structures and Pipelines, Galveston, TX, American Bureau of Shipping.
- Osna 10 Copper Nickel Sheathing on Offshore Structures, , KME Germany AG & Co. KG.
- OSNA®-10 Copper-Nickel Sheathing on Boatlandings, Brochure, KME Germany GmbH & Co. KG.
- OSNA®-10 Copper-Nickel Sheathing on Offshore Structures, Brochure, KME Germany GmbH & Co. KG .
- Protection of Steel Piling in Marine Splash and Spray Zones, - The Metallic Sheathing Concept, Ross, R. W., & Anderson, D. B., pp 461-473, , Antibes, France, Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling.
- Review of Copper-Nickel Alloy Sheathing of Ship Hulls and Offshore Structures, Peters, Dale T., , Copper Development Association Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919. The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems.
- Review of Splash Zone Corrosion and Biofouling of C70600 Sheathed Steel During 20 Years Exposure, Powell, C. and Michels, H., Eurocorr 2006, Maastricht.
- Splash Zone Corrosion of C70600 After Ten Years Exposure in an Oceanfront Environment, Pikul, S. J. and B. S. Phull, Annual Report, ICA Project no. 399, .
- Splash Zone Protection of Marine Structures, Creamer, E. V., Paper No. OTC-8, , The Met Society of AIME, New York, NY.
- The Use of 90/10 Copper-Nickel Alloy as a Splash Zone Cladding, Carruthers, R., Paper 6, , Birmingham, England, Proceedings of CDA Conference on Copper-Alloys in Marine Environments.
- Thermal-Sprayed Copper-Nickel Coatings on Steel, Perkins, R. A. and D. L. Marsh, , Final Report on INCRA Project 376.
- Thirteen Year Results of Long-Term Copper-Nickel Sheathed Piling Studies, Pikul, S. J. and B. S. Phull, , Annual Report, ICA Project No. 358.
- Use of Copper-Nickel Alloy for Sheathing of Offshore Structures, INCRA Project No. 359, pp 21-41, , Exxon Production Research Company.
Seawater Pipework
- Aluminum Bronze for When the Going Gets Tough, Discover Copper, , Aluminum bronze alloys are well represented in the construction of new, state-of-the-art power plants. In power plants at or near the seacoast or where the cooling water is brackish, the big water pumps and condenser tube sheets can be made of corrosion-resistant aluminum bronze. Aluminum bronzes repel zebra mussels that clog water intakes to power plants and municipal water systems. The alloy is used for boat and ship propellers and was chosen by the U.S. Navy for submarine torpedo ejection systems.
- Application of Copper Nickel UNS C70600 for Seawater Service, Wilhelm Schleich, Paper No 5222, , CORROSION/2005, Houston, NACE International.
- Copper Alloys in Seawater: Avoidance of Corrosion, Roger Francis, Publication 225, pp 20, , CDA UK.
- Copper Nickel 90-10; The Optimum Piping Material for Sea Water Service, Jasner, M., & Steinkamp, K., , KM Europa Metal Aktiengesellschaft.
- Copper Nickel Piping for Offshore Platforms, Application Data Sheet 708/5, CDA Inc.
- Copper Nickel Piping Reduces Costs, Biofouling, Corrosion, Albaugh, E. Kurt, Publication 704/4, CDA.
- Cu-Ni Seawater Piping Systems, Wildsmith, G., pp 65-71, , Institute of Metals Conference, London.
- Heat Exchangers and Piping Systems from Copper Alloys - Commissioning, Operating and Shutdown, M. Jasner, M. Hecht and W. Beckman, , KME.
- Materials for Seawater Pipeline Systems, , CDA UK Publication 38 and German DKI publication No. s 203.
- Non-Ferrous Seawater Systems Using Copper-Nickel Alloys and Cast Bronzes, Todd, B. and Lovett, P. A., Marine Engineering Practices, Vol. 1, Part 10, London, Institute of Marine Engineers, ISBN: 900976 49 7.
- Protection of Seawater System Pipework and Heat Exchanger Tubes in HM Surface Ships and Submarines in Sea Water Systems, Standard 02-781 Issue 2, , UK Ministry of Defence, Not available online but inquiries can be sent to the DStan Helpdesk at enquiries@dstan.mod.uk.
- Salt Water Piping Systems in Ships, British Standard BS MA 18, , ISBN: 0580078337.
- Seawater Pipework References, CDA.
- Seawater System Components, CDA.
- Seawater System Design, CDA.
- Selection of Materials for Seawater Systems, Todd, B. and Lovett, P.A., UK, Institute of Marine Engineers.
- The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems. Material Selection for High Reliability Sea Water Systems, B. Todd, Seminar Technical Report 7044-1919, CDA Inc, The Application of Copper Nickel Alloys in Marine Systems.
- The Design and Installation of 90-10 Copper Nickel Sea Water Piping Systems, Publication 1107, Nickel Development Institute.
- Thunder Horse, McCormick, Caroll, pp 13, , Nickel Magazine.
- Typical Failures of 90/10 CuNi Sea water Tubing Systems and How to Avoid Them, Schleich, Wilhelm, , Eurocorr 2004, NACE.
- Use Of Copper Alloys In Oil And Gas Process Facilities.